We re-examine Peres' statement “opposite momenta lead to opposite directions”. It will be shown that Peres' statement is only valid in the large distance or large time limit. In the short distance or short time limit an additional deviation from perfect alignment occurs due to the uncertainty of the location of the source. This error contribution plays a major role in Popper's orginal experimental proposal. Peres' statement applies rather to the phenomenon of optical imaging, which was regarded by him as (...) a verification of his statement. This is because this experiment can in a certain sense be seen as occurring in the large distance limit. We will also reconsider both experiments from the viewpoint of Bohmian mechanics. In Bohmian mechanics particles with perfectly opposite momenta will move in opposite directions. In addition it will prove particularly useful to use Bohmian mechanics because the Bohmian trajectories coincide with the conceptual trajectories drawn by Pittman et al. In this way Bohmian mechanics provides a theoretical basis for these conceptual trajectories. (shrink)

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda (1494–1573) was a White Spanish humanist and arguably the most prominent defender of the Spanish conquest and colonization of the Americas. This chapter is a selection from Sepúlveda’s Latin dialogue Second Democrates, which he composed around 1544 and presented during a debate against Bartolomé de las Casas in Valladolid, Spain in 1550–1551. This dialogue is set in the sixteenth century. There are only two characters: Democrates—who is Sepúlveda’s spokesman—and a German Lutheran called Leopoldus, whom Democrates slowly (...) convinces that the natural law justifies the Spanish conquest. To argue that the conquest is licit, Sepúlveda draws primarily on Aristotle’s theory of natural slavery: he argues that American Indians are natural slaves who are incapable of governing themselves. Natural slaves, according to Aristotle, are human beings who are born with natural characteristics and deficiencies that mark them out for slavery. (shrink)

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda (1494–1573) was a White Spanish humanist and arguably the most prominent sixteenth-century defender of the Spanish conquest and colonization of the Americas. In his work Second Democrates (excerpts of which are contained in chapter 2 in this volume), he used Aristotle’s theory of natural slavery to try to justify the Spanish conquest, arguing that American Indians are natural slaves whom it is permissible to conquer and subject. In this chapter, which is a selection from his 1571 (...) Latin work On Royal Power (De regno), Sepúlveda tentatively suggests that Africans are also natural slaves, which he claims might justify the transatlantic slave trade. (shrink)

Esta entrevista presenta la perspectiva de la filosofía africana sobre la alteridad, a partir de las experiencias de la investigadora Adilbênia Freire Machado. Además, evalúa la importancia de las acciones afirmativas en las universidades y la creación de nuevas líneas de investigación en los estudios de posgrado, con un abordaje de las epistemologías afroindígenas, para una mejor relación con los demás. El entrevistado es filósofo graduado por la Universidade Estadual do Ceará (UECE) y profesor de la Universidade Federal Rural do (...) Rio de Janeiro. Doctora en Educación por la Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) y Maestría en Educación por la Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA). Es Coordinadora del Eje de Filosofía Africana y Afrodiaspórica de la Asociación Brasileña de Investigadores Negros (ABPN); Miembro de la Coordinación Ampliada de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Filosofía y Liberación (AFYL – BR). (shrink)

El propósito del presente artículo es estudiar la respuesta humana al don divino según el comentario de Tomás de Aquino y Martín Lutero a la Carta a los Romanos. Si bien ambos autores asumen una postura antipelagiana, la concepción tomista, al reconocer el valor positivo del orden creado, comprende con mayor hondura metafísica la acción justificadora y santificadora de Dios en la creatura humana. Por otra parte, la exégesis de Lutero, más existencial, es especialmente aguda e incisiva desde este punto (...) de vista. En ambos casos es posible deducir que el punto de partida de la exégesis no es una reflexión abstracta sino un diálogo personal y vital con el Apóstol. El artículo profundizará en los comentarios a Rm 5,5, pasaje central en el pensamiento de san Agustín, cuya influencia es patente tanto en la exégesis de Tomás de Aquino como en la de Martín Lutero. Para estos efectos se apoyará en las recientes reflexiones sobre la categoría de don con la que se analizará la gracia divina, pues ésta contribuye a poner de manifiesto la diferencia entre una visión extrínseca o forense de la justificación y santificación, en la que se acentúa la pasividad del cristiano ante el don inmerecido recibido (Lutero), y una salvación que trasforma al cristiano para que responda al amor de Dios desde el amor (Tomás de Aquino). (shrink)

La Universidad de París en la Europa de finales del siglo XIII fue centro de acaloradas discusiones acerca del alma del hombre. La cuestión del alma es el punto doctrinal central y se muestra decisivo porque en la resolución de este único punto puede verse el trasfondo antropológico y metafísico de toda una cosmovisión filosófica e incluso teológica del universo. Una de las más problemáticas cuestiones que se plantearon acerca del alma es el problema de la unidad del intelecto para (...) todos los hombres. Parecería contradictorio pensar que todos los hombres piensan con un único intelecto, pero a su vez suena absurdo afirmar que un principio espiritual, inmaterial, se una a un cuerpo por un tiempo determinado para luego separarse. Ambas posiciones surgen de la consideración de nuevos textos llegados a las manos de los pensadores parisinos a través de autores árabes: los textos del De anima de Aristóteles. (shrink)

Este libro puede leerse como una ilustración de lo que filósofos de hoy como el esloveno Slavoj Žižek y el coreano-alemán Byung-Chul Han analizan como la degradación del mundo laboral en el capitalismo tardío. También como una inmersión en lo que el estudioso argentino de las nuevas literaturas del yo, Julián Gorodischer, llama «narrativas de lo íntimo», o lo que Jorge Carrión, experto catalán, distingue en los actuales relatos híbridos que combinan el ensayo con el periodismo literario: la combinación del (...) analizar y el contar. O como un ejemplo de la nueva crónica latinoamericana, comparable a los relatos de viaje para entender el mal de Martín Caparrós, Joseph Zárate, Marcela Turati o Rodrigo Fluxá. Es todo esto y más. No puedo dejar de pensar, con culposo deleite: «Qué suerte que te despidieron, Lino Solís de Ovando, así bajaste a los infiernos a regalarnos esta joya». Roberto Herrscher. (shrink)

This chapter addresses an important issue at the intersection of management accounting and ethics: trust. Borrowing from Pascal’s writings, this chapter highlights these contradictions that cannot be solved when it comes to trust: the impossibility of knowing ex ante the one to be trusted. Thence, the imperative of transparency generally associated with trust is also called into question through Pascal’s works. This chapter argues that actual trust is a moral wager whereby the giving party demonstrates confidence in the other: one (...) entrusts one’s faith to the other, expecting the best from this trustworthy person to be. (shrink)

This chapter engages in a philosophical discussion on ethics by questioning its learnt or innate nature. Building upon Lévinas’ works, it reasons that the discussion is rather on immanence of transcendence and shows that ethics, by proceeding from aesthetics, appears as the offshoot of the self’s ontological construction. Thereby, ethics is immanent and innate but learnt through self-discovery. Ethics becomes transcendental and keeps being learnt through interactions with other selves. Forms of ethics education, even though not compulsory in this construction, (...) can help inform the ethical self on what society values. (shrink)

This chapter questions the conditions of possibility of ethics’ happening. In answering this question, it builds on Alain Badiou’s approach to ethics, showing that discourses on the subject are characterised by intrinsic unresolved contradictions making ethics impossible. Ethics appears as the negative response to problematic situations and not as positive and performative programme. Such can be the case, probably because such discourses on contemporary ethics and associated issues (governance, accountability, trust etc.) are grounded in one particular cultural and political context, (...) that of North American democracy. Ethics is mission possible, provided discourses on its nature are adapted to the situation. (shrink)

This chapter addresses issues in corporate social responsibility and its reporting through social and environmental management accounting. Whilst most research on this topic discusses the role of disclosure and relies on legitimacy or stakeholder theory, this chapter endeavours to bring welfare economics into the discussion so as to understand issues raised by the measurement of social and the environmental externalities organisational activity can generate. Building on welfare economics also enables to highlight issues in social and environmental standard-setting.

We present a new approach to the mathematical objects of General Relativity in terms of which a generic f(R)-gravity theory gravitation is written in a first-order (à la Palatini) formalism, and introduce the concept of Dark Metric which could bypass the emergence of disturbing concepts as Dark Energy and Dark Matter. These issues are related to the fact that General Relativity could not be the definitive theory of Gravitation due to several shortcomings that come out both from theoretical and experimental (...) viewpoints. At large scales, the attempts to match it with the recent observational data lead to invoke Dark Energy and Dark Matter as the bulk components of the cosmic fluid. Since no final evidence, at fundamental level, exists for such ingredients, it could be useful to reconsider the gravitational sector in order to see if suitable extensions of General Relativity could solve the shortcomings present at infrared scales. (shrink)

This chapter addresses issues in corporate social responsibility and its reporting through social and environmental management accounting. Whilst most research on this topic discusses the role of disclosure and relies on legitimacy or stakeholder theory, this chapter endeavours to bring welfare economics into the discussion so as to understand issues raised by the measurement of social and the environmental externalities organisational activity can generate. Building on welfare economics also enables to highlight issues in social and environmental standard-setting.

This chapter builds upon accounting history research to show how management has served any types of purposes over centuries, some being laudable and others raising moral and ethical questions. When revealed by God to mankind, accounting appeared as a practical and religious way of solving world dualism. Soul accounting was aimed at reconciling world dualism. Capitalist accounting served as a tool of economic rationality as bureaucracies arose. War accounting was a tool associated with military strategy to win a war. But (...) also, management accounting served dark purposes: rationality and efficiency in the service of the Shoah and colonial oppression. (shrink)

The balance between births and deaths in an age-structured population is strongly influenced by the spatial distribution of sub-populations. Our aim was to describe the demographic process of a fish population in an hierarchical dendritic river network, by taking into account the possible movements of individuals. We tried also to quantify the effect of river network changes (damming or channelling) on the global fish population dynamics. The Salmo trutta life pattern was taken as an example for.We proposed a model which (...) includes the demographic and the migration processes, considering migration fast compared to demography. The population was divided into three age-classes and subdivided into fifteen spatial patches, thus having 45 state variables. Both processes were described by means of constant transfer coefficients, so we were dealing with a linear system of difference equations. The discrete case of the variable aggregation method allowed the study of the system through the dominant elements of a much simpler linear system with only three global variables: the total number of individuals in each age-class. (shrink)

This book responds to key issues in strategic management control by studying the interplay between ethics, social and environmental performance and governance. Grounded in research but written with practitioners and students in mind, it addresses the most up-to-date issues pertaining to ethical insights into management accounting and accountability.

En 1985, Brasil salía de un periodo de 21 años de dictadura y abría un proceso constituyente para lograr una redemocratización. La Constitución de 1988 fue nombrada como «ciudadana» porque reforzó los derechos civiles e introdujo derechos colectivos de pueblos indígenas y otros pueblos tradicionales, derechos colectivos sobre el medio ambiente y la cultura, además de derechos a la vivienda, a la salud, a la educación y de los consumidores. No fue fácil la implementación de esos derechos y el presente (...) trabajo analiza la aplicación de los derechos de los pueblos y de la naturaleza, dividiéndolos en tres periodos particulares. El primero, desde la promulgación de la Constitución, en 1988, hasta la elección de Lula da Silva y su posesión en 2003; periodo marcado por la aplicación de políticas neoliberales en contraposición con las normas constitucionales colectivas. El segundo periodo, representado por los gobiernos de Lula y de Dilma Rousseff, del 2003 hasta el 2016, cuando la presidenta es alejada para que asuma su vicepresidente; periodo marcado por un desarrollismo contradictorio con los derechos colectivos. El tercer periodo, a partir del 2016, caracterizado por la intención de destruir la Constitución. (shrink)

Borsboom and colleagues have recently proposed a “network theory” of psychiatric disorders that conceptualizes psychiatric disorders as relatively stable networks of causally interacting symptoms. They have also claimed that the network theory should include non-symptom variables such as environmental factors. How are environmental factors incorporated in the network theory, and what kind of explanations of psychiatric disorders can such an “extended” network theory provide? The aim of this article is to critically examine what explanatory strategies the network theory that includes (...) both symptoms and environmental factors can accommodate. We first analyze how proponents of the network theory conceptualize the relations between symptoms and between symptoms and environmental factors. Their claims suggest that the network theory could provide insight into the causal mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders. We assess these claims in light of network analysis, Woodward’s interventionist theory, and mechanistic explanation, and show that they can only be satisfied with additional assumptions and requirements. Then, we examine their claim that network characteristics may explain the dynamics of psychiatric disorders by means of a topological explanatory strategy. We argue that the network theory could accommodate topological explanations of symptom networks, but we also point out that this poses some difficulties. Finally, we suggest that a multilayer network account of psychiatric disorders might allow for the integration of symptoms and non-symptom factors related to psychiatric disorders and could accommodate both causal/mechanistic and topological explanations. (shrink)

In this article we defend the inferential view of scientific models and idealisation. Models are seen as “inferential prostheses” (instruments for surrogative reasoning) construed by means of an idealisation-concretisation process, which we essentially understand as a kind of counterfactual deformation procedure (also analysed in inferential terms). The value of scientific representation is understood in terms not only of the success of the inferential outcomes arrived at with its help, but also of the heuristic power of representation and their capacity to (...) correct and improve our models. This provides us with an argument against Sugden’s account of credible models: the likelihood or realisticness (their “credibility”) is not always a good measure of their acceptability. As opposed to “credibility” we propose the notion of “enlightening”, which is the capacity of giving us understanding in the sense of an inferential ability. (shrink)

1. Hume e a Magna Carta: em torno do círculo da justiça, Maria Isabel Limongi; 2. Hume e o problema da justificação da resistência ao governo, Stephanie Hamdan Zahreddine; 3 O surgimento dos costumes da sociedade comercial e as paixões do trabalho, Pedro Vianna da Costa e Faria; 4. O sentido da crença: suas funções epistêmicas e implicações para a teoria política de Hume, Lilian Piraine Laranja; 5. O Status do Fideísmo na Crítica de Hume à Religião Natural, Marília Côrtes (...) de Ferraz; 6. Da imaterialidade da alma: a desconstrução mais incisiva de Hume de um pressuposto metafísico, Marcos César Seneda; 7. A “irresistibilidade” e a “inevitabilidade” das crenças naturais e o caráter normativo da epistemologia de Hume, Claudiney José de Sousa; 8. Filosofia e vida comum na epistemologia de Hume, Marcos Fonseca Ribeiro Balieiro; 9. Hume e o relativismo moral, Flávio Zimmermann; 10. Hume e a vivacidade das crenças morais, André Luiz Olivier da Silva; 11. Virtudes sociais e refinamento na filosofia moral de David Hume, Andreh Sabino Ribeiro; 12. O movimento razão-crença na interpretação da teoria da motivação de Hume, Franco Nero Antunes Soares; 13. Sentimentos e Normatividade em David Hume segundo Annette Baier, Giovani Lunardi; 14. Simpatia e aprovação moral da justiça na filosofia de David Hume, Denize Carolina da Cunha & Nivaldo Machado; 15. Do eu como feixe de percepções ao eu das paixões: Hume e a identidade pessoal no Tratado, Susie Kovalczyk dos Santos; 16. Imaginação em Hobbes e Hume: cadeias mentais reguladas e princípios de associação, Andrea Cachel; 17. Hume e o princípio fundamental da filosofia moderna, Rafael Bittencourt Santos; 18. A conexão necessária entre Hume e Malebranche, Bruna Frascolla; 19. Realismo ontológico e antirrealismo epistemológico na problemática sobre o mundo externo em Hume, Leandro Hollanda; 20. Uma possível inversão kantiana da tese humeana da inércia da razão, Carlos Eduardo Moreno Pires; Nota sobre João Paulo Monteiro, Rolf Nelson Kuntz. (shrink)

This paper wants to elucidate the meaning of "order of transcendentals". That matter has a preferential place in L. Polo's philosophy. This study is carried out through an analysis of concept of "meaning" and specially "the meaning of being".

Research indicates that consumers are particularly concerned about the safety of meat. More highly processed meat is perceived as more unsafe than fresh or natural meats, i.e., consumers trust processed meat less. This paper studies the relationship between perceived trust and day-to-day purchase behavior for meat, giving special attention to the degree of meat processing. Controlling for trust in food chain actors and demographic and socio-economic variables, actual meat purchases of Canadian households are linked to answers from a commissioned food (...) attitudes survey completed by the same households. Expenditures for processed and total meat (but not for fresh meat) are significantly different by three levels of trust in the food industry. Consumer with the lowest trust levels consume less (especially of processed meat) compared to those with higher trust levels. However, in a multivariate setting, trust shows no effect on fresh or processed meat purchases with or without demographic and socio-economic control variables, suggesting that the impact of trust on meat purchases is only small. However, the low trusting consumer segment could potentially be a target for marketing strategies focused on reputation and quality to increase sales in this particular group. (shrink)

Human flourishing is the topic of an increasing number of books and articles in educational philosophy. Flourishing should be regarded as an ideal aim of education. If this is defended, the first step should be to elucidate what is meant by flourishing, and what exactly the concept entails. Listing formal criteria can facilitate reflection on the ideal of flourishing as an aim of education. We took Aristotelian eudaimonia as a prototype to construct two criteria for the concept of human flourishing: (...) human flourishing is regarded as intrinsically worthwhile and flourishing means ‘actualisation of human potential’. The second criterion has three sub-criteria: flourishing is about a whole life, it is a ‘dynamic state’ and flourishing presupposes there being objective goods. (shrink)

In this article we defend a moral conception of cosmopolitanism and its relevance for moral education. Our moral conception of cosmopolitanism presumes that persons possess an inherent dignity in the Kantian sense and therefore they should be recognised as ends‐in‐themselves. We argue that cosmopolitan ideals can inspire moral educators to awaken and cultivate in their pupils an orientation and inclination to struggle against injustice. Moral cosmopolitanism, in other words, should more explicitly inform the work that moral educators do. Real‐world constraints (...) on moral action and the need to prioritise one’s sometimes conflicting responsibilities will often qualify cosmopolitan justice as supererogatory. This fact does not absolve persons from aspiring to see themselves as having the moral obligation to help others in need, while recognising that their factual obligations are more modest in being bound by what they are actually able to do. (shrink)

This article looks at several characteristics of intellectual understanding according to Philo Judaeus from three perspectives: the first is that intellectual understanding is primarily attention, the second is that understanding doesn't imply appropriation, but rather apparition and presence, and finally that it is always expression of otherness and knowledge of difference.

Psychiatric disorders present distinct clinical challenges which are partly attributable to their multifactorial aetiology and the absence of laboratory tests that can be used to confirm diagnosis or predict risk. Psychiatric disorders are highly heritable, but also polygenic, with genetic risk conferred by interactions between thousands of variants of small effect that can be summarized in a polygenic risk score. We discuss four areas in which the use of polygenic risk scores in psychiatric research and clinical contexts could have ethical (...) implications. First, there is concern that clinical use of polygenic risk scores may exacerbate existing health inequities. Second, research findings regarding polygenic risk could be misinterpreted in stigmatising or discriminatory ways. Third, there are concerns associated with testing minors as well as eugenics concerns elicited by prenatal polygenic risk testing. Fourth, potential challenges that could arise with the feedback and interpretation of high polygenic risk for a psychiatric disorder would require consideration. While there would be extensive overlap with the challenges of feeding back genetic findings in general, the potential clinical use of polygenic risk scoring warrants discussion in its own right, given the recency of this possibility. To this end, we discuss how lay interpretations of risk and genetic information could intersect. Consideration of these factors would be necessary for ensuring effective and constructive communication and interpretation of polygenic risk information which, in turn, could have implications for the uptake of any therapeutic recommendations. Recent advances in polygenic risk scoring have major implications for its clinical potential, however, care should be taken to ensure that communication of polygenic risk does not feed into problematic assumptions regarding mental disorders or support reductive interpretations. (shrink)